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Whole-function vectorization and conditionals
Author: Agner Date: 2016-08-15 23:46
Sylvain Collange wrote:
Agner wrote:
So, the total maximum number of input dependencies is five, but the maximum number of input dependencies at one stage in the pipeline can be limited to three if necessary.
The pipeline stage does not make a difference. If you want to sustain an execution rate of three 5-input instructions per clock cycle, you need the bandwidth to read 15 inputs per cycle on average from the register file. It does not matter in which order and at which pipeline stage they are read.
Could you have two separate sets of regiser read ports, one that is wired to the address calculation stage in the pipeline (general purpose registers only), and one that is wired to the execution stage?

 

Yes, x86 instructions also output flags, but x86 CPUs use tricks to turn them into single-output instructions by having slightly wider physical registers, storing the flags in the physical destination register, and renaming the architectural flags register to the physical destination of the last instruction issued.
Interesting. I wonder where you have all this information from?

Masked code
    mul_add.d v0, v1, v3, v4, mask=v8
    mul_add.d v0, v5, v6, v7, mask=v9
    
Renaming still maps v0 to different physical registers p0 and p1, but the second FMA now has a data dependency on the older value of v0, which is p0.
No. Without zeroing, the mask chooses between the result and the first input operand, which is not the destination operand.
 mul_add.d v0, v1, v3, v4, mask=v5
 
is the equivalent of:
for (i=0; i < vectorlength; i++) 
    v0[i] = v5[i] ? v1[i] + v3[i]*v4[i]  :  v1[i];

AVX-512 permits instructions to use masking. The best performance usually happens for instructions that do not use masking. Instructions that mask with zeroing usually have similar performance. Instructions that mask with merging can occasionally perform much slower, since there is an additional dependency introduced to the instruction. Keep in mind performance considerations when selecting the masking mode.
Their formulation suggests they follow the single-instruction approach with naive scheduling. They do not appear to split in two µops after all. But if they write "much slower" they probably mean it...

The takeaway is that the masking mode (zeroing or merging) should be available as early as possible in the pipeline, ideally at decode just by looking at the instruction. And the programmer/compiler should use zeroing whenever possible.

You may as well interpret "much slower" as a consequence of the extra dependency which it has to wait for. I actually had the masking mode (zeroing or merging) coded in a bit in the instruction in an early draft of ForwardCom, but I needed this bit for other purposes and I was able to put it into the mask register because it doesn't change dependencies when merging with the first operand rather than with the destination.
 
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